Factores biopsicosociales de los trastornos del espectro esquizofrénico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29018/issn.2588-1000vol5iss39.2021pp205-223Palabras clave:
etiología, Etiología, trastornos del espectro esquizofrénico, esquizofrenia, factores biológicos, factores psicológicos, factores socialesResumen
En la etiología de los trastornos del espectro de la esquizofrenia (TEE) se han implicado a factores biológicos, psicológicos y sociales, demostrándose que la existencia de variantes genéticas, alteraciones en neurotransmisores como la dopamina y el glutamato, factores de riesgo prenatales y perinatales, entre otros, contribuirían al incremento del riesgo de este tipo de alteraciones mentales. El objetivo del presente artículo es identificar los factores biopsicosociales implicados, actualmente, en la etiología de los TEE, para lo cual se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos científicas Scopus y Web of Science, seleccionando 65 artículos publicados entre los años 2015 y 2020. Entre las palabras claves se consideraron: Etiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorder, psychological factors of schizophrenia spectrum disorder y social factors of schizophrenia spectrum disorder. En los estudios revisados se pudo evidenciar la predominancia del enfoque biológico, en particular, de aquellos de corte genético enfocados en la identificación de nuevos loci, la implicación de nuevas variantes genéticas, mutaciones, proteínas y moléculas; así como también, un reducido número de investigaciones que abordan los factores psicológicos y sociales, entre ellos el trauma infantil, el estrés de la gestante, la discriminación, entre otros. Se concluye que las interacciones entre genes y ambiente serían determinantes en la etiología de los TEE.
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